Types of Vaccines

Some vaccines contain living infectious agents ; included in this group are those used against yellow fever and measles, as well as the Sabin oral polio vaccine.

These living agents have been weakened in the laboratory but still provoke the formation of specific antibodies.

Other vaccine contain killed infectious agents; included in this group are the whooping cough and Salk polio vaccines. 

The killed microbes will not produce the disease, but they will stimulate production of specific antibodies against the same organism, thereby protecting the body from future infection.

Along similar lines, acquired immunity can be induced against certain microbial toxins that produce disease. Diphtheria and tetanus produce disease through their toxins.

Modified toxins, called toxoids, which are no longer poisonous, are used to induce the production of antibodies that will inactivate the poisons if the invading organism strikes.

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is caused by gonococcal bacteria. It usually starts in the lower urinary and genital areas in both men and women.

If it`s not treated, it can spread upward in the genital tract and cause sterility. It can also enter the bloodstream and cause severe arthritis and endocarditis (an inflammation of the heart).

Thus it`s potentially very serious. Happily, however, it`s easily treated if it`s caught early, through antibiotics such as penicillin.

If gonorrhea in a woman continues entreated, the symptoms may diminish. But the disease will continue unabated : The whole pelvis may eventually become inflamed. (This syndrome is known as pelvic inflammatory disease, or PID). Even after this inflammation dies down, chronic difficulties may continue, including extensive damage to the reproductive tract.

If a man does not receive prompt treatment, the infection spreads to the prostate gland and testicles. Here it can cause sufficient damage to produce sterility. In time, the urethra can become narrowed, making it difficult for a man to urinate. If the infection is severe, men can also suffer arthritis as well as heart damage.  

What You Can Do To Your Blood Cholesterol Level

We now know that saturated fats such as butter tend to raise blood cholesterol levels by serving as the starting material from which cholesterol can be sythesized in the body.

Polyunsaturated fats such as corn oil, however, tend to lower blood cholesterol. Such knowledge makes it possible to reduce the amounts of fats and cholesterol you take into your body by adjusting your choice of foods.

1. Use leaner cuts of meat ; trim off all visible fat.

2. Eat chicken and fish more frequently and beef, lamb, and pork, which are high in fat-less often.

3. Drink skim milk instead of whole milk.

4. Eat more vegetables and fruits and fewer fatty foods such as french fries and ice cream.

5. Swith from butter to margarine.

It is specially important to choose foods that are low in cholesterol and fats if you know you are at increased risk of heart disease because, foe example, you have relatives with heart disorders.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a fatlike substance that has great physiological importance. It is one of the nonessential nutrients-that is, it is found in all foods from animal source, and our bodies can also manufacture it.

Scientists have found that there is a relationship between high levels of cholesterol in the blood and increased risk of heart disease. Cholesterol is a major component of the plaque that can build up on the walls of blood vessels, including the vessels that supply the heart muscle, so that the blood vessels become narrowed and may eventually close off completely.

What is not precisely understood, however, is how much cholesterol in the diet (consumed, in eggs and meat, for example) raises the level of blood cholesterol, and whether reducing dietary cholesterol significantly reduces the risk of heart disease.

It is not as if the cholesterol in our breakfast eggs and bacon immediately migrates to our arteries and begins to clog them up. Other factors in our diet or body metabolism, including exercise, may affect how much of the cholesterol we eat ultimately becomes part of our bodies and subjects us to increased risk of heeart disease.  

How is Sugar Related to Diabetes ?

Many of us know that the level of sugar in the bloodstream is somehow related to the disease known as diabetes mellitus (or "sugar diabetes").

Beyond that, our understanding of this condition may be hazy and that`s not surprising, since medical researchers are still debating about the disease.

There are two major types of diabetes, both characterized by abnormal processing of carbohydrates. In juvenile-onset diabetes, the body somehow fails to produce enough of a substance known as insulin, which helps the cells of the body take sugar (in the form of glucose) from the bloodstream and use it. In adult-onset diabetes, the body manufactures insulin, but somehow it cannot use this insulin properly.

Relatively high levels of sugar in the bloodstream, then, are the result, not the cause, of these problems with insulin-the body is not able to remove this sugar from the bloodstream and use it at the same rate a normal person`s body would. But there is a further difficulty.

Diabetes has very dangerous complications, including degeneration of the large and small blood vessels and high blood pressure. Some scientists think that relatively high levels of sugar in the bloodstream may help bring on these complications. And that`s why some physicians teach their patients to monitor their blood sugar levels carefully and take steps to prevent wide swings in the level. Other physicians, however, don`t agree that the high blood sugar levels are the cause of the complications; they think some other relationship may be involved.

Types of Fats

Fat has gotten a bad reputation recentl, yet fat in the diet is essential to good health. Besides severing as an additional energy source, fats also known as lipids, give flavor to many of the foods we eat.

Fats also insulate the body ; cushion vital organs, protecting them from injury ; serve as carriers for the four fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) ; and contribute to hormone systhesis and the blood clotting mechanism.

Unused fats, like extra carbohydrates, are stored as "fat tissue" and draws on by the body when they are needed for energy. Stored fats are the greatest nutritional reservoir in the body.

Fatty acids are the building blocks of fats. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and small amounts of oxygen. The terms "saturated" and "unsaturated" are used to describe the hydrogen component of fats. 

Saturated fats, found in meats, butter, coconut oil, and palm oil, have all the hydrogen atoms they are capable of holding. A saturated fat is usually solid at room temperature.

An unsaturated fat is capable of holding more hydrogen atoms than it does. Polyunsaturated fats (such as corn, soya, sunflower, and cottonseed oil) and monounsaturated fats (such as olive oil) are two classes of unsaturated fats.

Polyunsaturated fats tend to lower blood cholesterol; monounsaturated fats do, too, but to a lesser degree. Unsaturated fats are usually liquid at room temperature. They can be changed to solids by hydrogenation, which involves bubbling hydrogen gas through the liquid oil. Some experts think people who eat high proportions of saturated fats may have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, found in spaghetti, bread, cereal, rice, potaoes, doughnuts, candy, most fruits and vegetables, and other foods, are our source of ready energy : They contribute approximately 50 percent of the body`s energy needs and are its most economical energy source.

They include two major types : sugars and starches. (Cellulose is also a carbohydrate, but since it is a nonnutrient, it will not be considered here).

Carbohydrates are less complex compounds than proteins, and they can be burned (oxidized) in the body much more efficiently than either proteins or fats.

They are broken down in digestion into chemicals known as simple sugars, which are then further converted by the liver into glucose.

Some of this glucose gose right into the bloodstream and is directly used by all the cells in the body for energy. Some glucose remains stored in the liver and muscles as a substance called glycogen, ready for immediate release into the bloodstream should blood glucose levels fall too low.

Excess glucose - that which is neither burned as energy nor stored as glycogen - is converted to substances known as fatty acids, such as triglycerides, which are then stored in fat tissue.

In addition to fulfilling our energy requirements, our bodies also need carbohydrates to utilize fat efficiently. If an individual consumes less than 125 milligrams of carbohydrate per day, the body will not be able to burn fat from fat stores completely.

How Much Protein Do You Need Each Day ?

Clearly, it is vital consume adequate amounts of protein each day. 

Most Americans, however, take in far more than is needed : Most young men need about 56 grams and most young women need about 45 grams, but our average daily consumption is about 100 grams.

One quick way to get a rough estimate of your protein need is to divide your weight in pounds by 3. Thus, if you weigh 150 pounds and divide this by 3, your approximate daily protein need is 50 grams.

That`s roughly the amount of protein found in two servings, each 2 to 3 ounces, of lean cooked meat, poultry, or fish.

The body converts any excess protein to glucose, a type of sugar, which is then either burned as energy of stored as fat-a very expensive source of calories for such usage.

Getting too little protein can be dangerous. Low-protein fat diets can only have undesirable results. The dieter can become seriously ill (though this is rare).

But even minor protein deficiencies over a period of time will cause fatigue and irritability, and they will reduce the body`s production of antibodies, so that the individual becomes more susceptible to infection and recovers more slowly.

And continued protein deficiency may eventually lead to anemia and liver disorders.

What Is An Antiseptic ?

What is an antiseptic? 

When we hear the word in the minds of germs, we definitely occurred, bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. Who then can infect or result in the appearance of various diseases in the body. 

Of course different ways we do so that we avoid the diseases that can be caused by the introduction of bacteria into our bodies. 

In addition to the endurance of the body that actually we're Prime, able to overcome the germs i.e. by means as simple as with hand washing using SOAP or antiseptic. 

The definition of an antiseptic is a chemical compound used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on living tissue, such as on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes. 

Difference between Antiseptic and antibiotic and disinfectant. Antibiotics are used to kill microorganisms in the body, whereas the disinfectant is used to kill microorganisms on inanimate objects. 

An antiseptic is divided into two, namely, that has the effect of killing bacteria or bakterisid and that is preventing or inhibiting bacterial growth (bacteriostatic).

The Health Benefits of Olive Oil

Olive oil contains many components or substances that are highly beneficial for the health of the body, so there is no harm if we consume olive oil to preserve the health of the body.

Before explaining about the benefits of Olive Oil, it would be nice if we get to know the plants that produce oils with this remarkable benefits. The plant grows in the area of Mediterranean olives such as Morocco, Spain, France and Italy.

This plant is a plant that is able to live and grow in a barren land, will usually bloom in the spring, then men will be harvested in late fall to winter. Raw olives will be bright green color, and the color will be changed into blackish purple when ripe. The extracted from the fruit then obtained or produced Olive Oil.

Here is the content and benefits of olive oil are beneficial to the health of the body:

1. Squalene 

Squalene concentration is approximately 2,500 9.250 micrograms per gram of olive oil. The content of squalene is very beneficial for sufferers of diabetes mellitus or diabetes. Squalene is the raw material of the hormone insulin and also strengthen and repair the pancreas gland. Therefore the olive oil can help cure diabetes mellitus or diabetes.

2. Antioxidants 

This substance can combat the LDL cholesterol artery some earplugs that causes heart disease. So it's no wonder that the Mediterranean area a lot of people consume olive oil rarely diseased heart.

3. Vitamin E and Monounsaturated 

It is worthwhile to rejuvenate the skin, keeping skin moist and maintain the suppleness of the skin. 4. the linoleic acid Linoleic acid is present in Vitamin E which acts as an antioxidant. This serves as an antidote to the antioxidant free radicals which cause premature aging and cancer.

So on a variety of content and the benefits of olive oil, may be useful and thank you.

Pap Smear Examination

What Is A Pap Smear? 

Do you know What are the benefits of a Pap Smear? 

Do you know When a Pap Smear done? 

Here's the answer: 

A Pap Smear is an examination of the measures at the mouth of the womb to see the cells of the cervix (cervical) using a microscope. 

Benefits of Pap Smear is to detect early changes in the cervix before these cells into cervical cancer. If there are abnormalities that are heavy or it finds abnormality in the examination of Pap smears then cervical tissue retrieval should be performed or the term biopsy. 

But to take the network could not be carried out as soon as possible exception is already entering a high risk. If still in good enough it is recommended to repeat pap smear within 6 months. About when to do a pap smear again, it depends on his patients. 

If suppose the result turns out to be an infection and the patient is asked to seek treatment and do a reset control within the next 4 to 6 months for a repeat pap smear.

Obese Children Are Not Necessarily Healthier

The fat boy looked fun and also we think are healthy and adequacy of intake of nutrition value, but you should be careful if you have excess body weight, because obesity in children is not necessarily the child was healthy. 

Nearly 60% of children with persistent hypertension have weight obesity. In addition, data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), it was reported that childhood obesity feature risk 2.9 times higher suffer from type 2 diabetes than are not obese. 

It is related to insulin resistance and the size of the fat cells of the body. There is a lot of evidence of a link between obesity and heart disease. 

Framingham Data support the relationship of obesity and heart disease after observation over the past 26 years. Childhood obesity has a 3.3 times higher risk of suffering from coronary heart disease. 

Child obesity is also suspected of OSAS could experience (Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome) and marked the discovery of the symptoms of snoring (snoring) in children. 

Obesity can also influence factors of psychological abuse on a child that is less confident. The child towards teenagers obese tend to be passive and experiencing depression.

What is a Preventive Dentistry

Preventive Denstistry is part of Dentistry which generally aims to prevent the occurrence of disease or prevent the severity of the disease in order to protect the health of the mouth, which is at the point of focus to keep people stay healthy.

Purpose is to make human beings until his death still has all the elements of an intact dentition tooth and natural.

Whereas the definition of prevention is growing or prevent a disease or recover bodily functions are lost or reduced due to illness :

Prevention is based on three levels of disease, namely:

1. Primary Prevention 

Primary prevention prevents someone against a disease, The purpose of primary prevention is to maintain the health of the individual and the population in General and minimize the risk of the occurrence of a disease or an accident. In this primary prevention implemented programs, procedures or measures to prevent the disease before the disease occurs.

An example of primary prevention are: Recommending diet and plaque control to prevent caries, fissure sealent, routine dental examination and diagnostic radiography.

2. Secondary Prevention 

The purpose of secondary prevention is to limit the development and impact of the disease as early as possible after the disease emerged. To stop the progression of the disease, so the disease appears and is detected it is necessary action to control and eliminate the disease spread further.

Examples of secondary prevention is patching ART or Glass Ionomer (GI) to overcome initial caries, tartar cleanup so as not to continue being more severe periodontal disease.

3. Tertiary Prevention 

Tertiary prevention is an effort to limit development of tissue damage or inability after an illness causing the onset of limited functionality. At this stage, the disease process has been expanded to a point where the patient's medical status has changed and can not return to the condition prior to the illness.

Examples of tertiary prevention is the dental caries in the patching to prevent caries is not more severe to cause pulpitis. Another example if periodontal concerns, periodontitis can be handled by various intervention and surgical procedures.

How To Choose A Good Toothbrush

A toothbrush is one of the tools used to clean the teeth and mouth. By brushing your teeth, then the food debris, dental plaque, dirt and food scraps stuck to the teeth can be cleaned so that if dental hygiene is maintained, it will minimize the occurrence of tooth decay.

How to choose a good toothbrush is as follows: 

1. Feels good if used, i.e. the size of the toothbrush that fit its size as well as the feather brush that is not too hard.

2. Teeth brush is easy to use, easy to clean out all the good gear anti-surface gunship upper and lower front or rear, and in parts that are difficult to clean.

3. Teeth brush is easy to clean and easy to dry, brush your teeth after using it must be washed, easily cleaned and dry fast then it is likely affected by the fungus due to the moist can be reduced.

4. The end of the round-shaped toothbrush, it is so that the tip of the toothbrush is not easily injured parts of the oral cavity, such as the gums do not easily hurt if his side by the end of the toothbrush.

More details about the features and form a good toothbrush is as follows: 

1. Stalk a toothbrush, that is easily handled, not slippery and unstable, the stalk is quite wide and thick.

2. The head of a toothbrush, that is not too large and customize with its users. If the user then children 15-24 mm X 8 mm, if its users a toddler then 6 mm X 7 mm, if the user then adults 25-29 mm X 10 mm.

3. The Toothbrush Bristles, not too soft and not too hard. Bristle toothbrush that is too soft will not be able to clean the Dental Plaque as effectively, whereas if the bristles brush your teeth too hard then it will easily make the gums and SAG especially if accompanied the movement brushing with a hard pressure. Therefore please select the feather brush your teeth with the softness of the medium.

So how to choose a good Toothbrush, may be useful.

Treating Coughs and Colds in Children

Coughs and colds often inflicted on our children once, pity if present if the illness coughs and colds because his sleep not sleep and also certainly feels painful made present. 

Actually, in the pharmacy of medicines for coughs and colds ill children is widely available and also available a wide range of flavors. 

But if you want to treat the illness coughs colds with natural ingredients, here is the recipe of natural medicine to treat coughs and colds in children : 

Ingredients for potions cough colds so easy once namely: 

1. lemon 1 piece 

2.1 tablespoon pure honey 

3. white water 1/2 cup 

How to make herb cough colds are: 

1. lemon we already prepare squeezed 

2. mix the lemon juice with 1 tablespoon pure honey 

3. Add 1/2 a degree white water and stir to mix well Medicinal herb cough colds is hot to the children in the morning and the afternoon. 

This Recipe is easy to treat coughs and colds, may be useful and also heal felt.

Causes of Ear Buzzing

Causes of ear buzzing one is because the flu colds are not treated correctly. 

If you experience ear buzzing, try the check to a specialist because if not treated properly it is feared will continue even worse that could be like the ear next to it. 

About the causes of ear buzzing more likely number of dirt clogging of the external ear or due to inflammation. Therefore the sound waves cannot enter. Handling by means of cleaning up the poop. 

Frequent colds and nasal congestion can also cause the eardrum is inflamed or leaking. Then could have been the presence of fatigue on the sensor and the nerves of the ear, because it often heard the noise of the engine, as they often wear the headset for a long time, or calling using a mobile phone so that the ears be buzzing. As for the possibility that others could also be just the presence of other diseases such as diabetes.

Therefore the check as soon as possible to a specialist or conducting audiometry test to know the condition of your ears.

Vertigo can be caused by Stroke

The causes of Vertigo are too long or often are in front of the monitor or the computer screen. If your work is in front of the computer a lot it's good if you don't do it in a long time, if the eyes felt tired so quickly to rest.

Vertigo can be treated with an anti vertigo, if the complaint continues not his fault if the consultation to a specialist eye to know the State of health and conditions of the eye.

Vertigo sufferers usually arise due to eyesight, which further will feel the incredible feels dizzy world surrounding the spinning.

This complaint is also sometimes accompanied by nausea and vomiting as well as difficult to stand, this is because disruption of the balance of the body. Vertigo is caused by disorders of the middle ear.

In order not to be severe vertigo, which can result in stroke, you see a doctor as soon as possible if you experience vertigo continued support. CT Scan and MRI examination will then be known whether there are abnormalities in the bone or tumor that hit a nerve.

If an infection is suspected, the sample could be taken away from the ear or sinus fluid or from the spine. If there are suspected decrease in blood flow to the brain, then performed an angiogram, to look at the blockage of blood vessels leading to the brain.

What is Cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a fat that is present in the human body. 

Cholesterol is beneficial for the body, including to the formation of the cell wall, making materials manufacture hormones, bile fluid. 

When there are changes in the blood simply applied (LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol rising down) then there will be a buildup of fats in the walls of the arteries (atherosclerosis). As a result of blood vessels can be blocked so that it becomes a stroke and a heart attack. 

Narrowing of the arteries more diperberat when many risk factors (high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, and high uric acid). Hoarding of fat in the arteries has been started since his teens. 

This cholesterol is problematic not just reserved fat people or parents. Causes of cholesterol disturbances can be caused by genetic factors or breeds, excessive eating (fats and carbohydrates), lack of exercise, smoking habit, or due to diseases such as diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, hypothyroid and obesity or overweight.

Definition of Criminal

The use of the term crime itself defined as criminal sanctions. To the same sense, it is often also used another term that is administering the criminal.

Criminal is suffering which deliberately charged to the person doing the Act that meets certain conditions.

"Black's Law Dictionary," stated that the punishment is: "any fine, or penalty or confinement upon a person by authority of the law and the judgement and sentence of a court, for some crime of offence committed by him, or for his omission of a duty enjoined by the law".

Based on the above understanding, it can be inferred that the Criminal Penal Code contain elements and attributes as follows:

1. Criminal proceedings were in fact constitute an imposition of suffering or sorrow or other consequences.

2. Criminal proceedings were given intentionally by the person or entity that has the power (by the authorities).

3. Criminal proceedings were subject to a person who has committed a criminal offence according to the law.

4. A statement denouncing the Criminal by the State over a person for having broken the law.

Definition Of Criminalization

Efforts to combat crime (criminal policy) can be done in two ways, namely by means of penal law or engineering, and non penal or criminal laws of non-engineering.

Penal policy is interpreted as a means of tackling crime by enabling criminal law aksistensi way to solve it. Whereas the means of nonpenal done by enabling all aspects in addition to the criminal law such as civil law or legal aspects of State administration.

When tackling crime done by leveraging of criminal law, the first to do is to prohibit certain acts accompanied by the threat of criminal sanctions through a policy. This policy is commonly known with the criminalization policy. An assignment is a process of criminalization of acts as acts that may is liable. This process ended with the formation of the Act where the Act was threatened with sanctions in the form of a criminal. As a policy of criminalization can be defined as a process to determine what actions will be banned because of dangerous or harmful, and what sanctions will be dropped.

Hoefnagels as quoted by Yenti Garnasih say that criminalization is something of an act or thing be an action that was previously not an act which may be acts that can are convicted is liable.

Criminalization is also related to the addition or enhancement of criminal sanctions against criminal acts. Based on the above understanding of criminalization, the scope of criminalization is not only related to the determination of the original deed is not prohibited, then banned from certain sanctions threat was accompanied, but also related to pemberatan criminal sanctions against criminal acts.

Sudarto said that in an Act criminalize should pay attention to the following matters, namely:

First, the use of criminal law should pay attention to national development goals embody fair and prosperous societies that uneven material and regeneration based on pancasila. In relation to this, the use of criminal law aimed at tackling crime for the sake of prosperity and leadership community.

Second, the Act sought to be prevented or addressed by the criminal law must be an undesirable Act, i.e., acts that bring harm and materially spirituals over the citizens.

Third, the use of criminal law should also pay attention to the principles of cost and results (cost and benefit principle).

Fourth, the use of criminal law should also pay attention to the capacity or capability of the power of law enforcement agencies, which don't get any extremes of the task overbelasting.